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diff --git a/nixos/doc/manual/administration/systemd-state.section.md b/nixos/doc/manual/administration/systemd-state.section.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000..84f074871a655 --- /dev/null +++ b/nixos/doc/manual/administration/systemd-state.section.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +# systemd {#sec-systemd-state} + +## `machine-id(5)` {#sec-machine-id} + +`systemd` uses per-machine identifier — {manpage}`machine-id(5)` — which must be +unique and persistent; otherwise, the system journal may fail to list earlier +boots, etc. + +`systemd` generates a random `machine-id(5)` during boot if it does not already exist, +and persists it in `/etc/machine-id`. As such, it suffices to make that file persistent. + +Alternatively, it is possible to generate a random `machine-id(5)`; while the +specification allows for *any* hex-encoded 128b value, systemd itself uses +[UUIDv4], *i.e.* random UUIDs, and it is thus preferable to do so as well, in +case some software assumes `machine-id(5)` to be a UUIDv4. Those can be +generated with `uuidgen -r | tr -d -` (`tr` being used to remove the dashes). + +Such a `machine-id(5)` can be set by writing it to `/etc/machine-id` or through +the kernel's command-line, though NixOS' systemd maintainers [discourage] the +latter approach. + +[UUIDv4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier#Version_4_(random) +[discourage]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pull/268995 + + +## `/var/lib/systemd` {#sec-var-systemd} + +Moreover, `systemd` expects its state directory — `/var/lib/systemd` — to persist, for: +- {manpage}`systemd-random-seed(8)`, which loads a 256b “seed” into the kernel's RNG + at boot time, and saves a fresh one during shutdown; +- {manpage}`systemd.timer(5)` with `Persistent=yes`, which are then run after boot if + the timer would have triggered during the time the system was shut down; +- {manpage}`systemd-coredump(8)` to store core dumps there by default; + (see {manpage}`coredump.conf(5)`) +- {manpage}`systemd-timesyncd(8)`; +- {manpage}`systemd-backlight(8)` and {manpage}`systemd-rfkill(8)` persist hardware-related + state; +- possibly other things, this list is not meant to be exhaustive. + +In any case, making `/var/lib/systemd` persistent is recommended. + + +## `/var/log/journal/{machine-id}` {#sec-var-journal} + +Lastly, {manpage}`systemd-journald(8)` writes the system's journal in binary +form to `/var/log/journal/{machine-id}`; if (locally) persisting the entire log +is desired, it is recommended to make all of `/var/log/journal` persistent. + +If not, one can set `Storage=volatile` in {manpage}`journald.conf(5)` +([`services.journald.storage = "volatile";`](#opt-services.journald.storage)), +which disables journal persistence and causes it to be written to +`/run/log/journal`. |